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John Leverett
John Leverett (baptized 7 July 1616 – 16 March 1678/9〔In the Julian calendar, then in use in England, the year began on March 25. To avoid confusion with dates in the Gregorian calendar, then in use in other parts of Europe, dates between January and March were often written with both years. Dates in this article are in the Julian calendar unless otherwise noted.〕) was an English colonial magistrate, merchant, soldier and governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Born in England, he came to Massachusetts as a teenager. He was a leading merchant in the colony, and served in its military. In the 1640s he went back to England to fight in the English Civil War.
He was opposed to the strict Puritan religious orthodoxy in the colony. He also believed the colonial government was not within the power of the English crown and government, a politically hardline position that contributed to the eventual revocation of the colonial charter in 1684. His business and military activities were sometimes intermingled, leading some in the colony to view him unfavorably. However, he was popular with his troops, and was repeatedly elected governor of the colony from 1673 until his death in 1679. He oversaw the colonial actions in King Philip's War, and expanded the colony's territories by purchasing land claims in present-day Maine.
==Early life==
John Leverett was baptized 7 July 1616 at St Botolph's Church in Boston, Lincolnshire.〔Leverett, p. 49〕 His father, Thomas Leverett, was a close associate of John Cotton, the church's Puritan pastor, and served as one of the church's elders.〔Leverett, p. 23〕 Nothing is known of his mother, Anne Fisher, beyond that she bore her husband 16 children.〔Leverett, p. 24〕 Of John Leverett's youth nothing is known prior to the family's departure for the New World in 1633.〔Leverett, p. 50〕 By the early 1630s Leverett's father was an alderman in Boston, and had acquired, in partnership with John Beauchamp of the Plymouth Council for New England, a grant now known as the Waldo Patent for land in what is now the state of Maine.〔Leverett, p. 19〕 When the family arrived in the Massachusetts Bay Colony it settled in the capital, also called Boston. Leverett married Hannah Hudson in 1639. She bore him a son, Hudson, in 1640, and died in 1643.〔Bridgeman, pp. 43–44〕〔Leverett, p. 55〕 In 1640 Leverett was made a freeman.
In 1639 he joined the Artillery Company of Massachusetts.〔Moore (1851), p. 368〕 The Artillery Company was a focal point in the colony for people who disagreed with the orthodoxy of the colony's Puritan leaders. Many of its leading members, Leverett among them, opposed the colonial crackdowns on religious dissenters.〔Breen, p. 5〕 Its members also engaged in trade. Leverett frequently partnered with Edward Gibbons and Major General Robert Sedgwick in trading ventures.〔Breen, p. 11〕 He was, for example, part owner with Gibbons of a ship lost off the Virginia coast.〔Leverett, p. 56〕 The mixture of military leadership and commercial enterprise sometimes led to conflicts of interest. In the 1640s, Gibbons convinced Governor John Winthrop to allow Massachusetts volunteers to assist French Acadian Governor Charles de la Tour in his dispute with Charles de Menou d'Aulnay. Gibbons had negotiated exclusive trading privileges with la Tour in exchange for this help,〔Breen, 134〕 and Leverett was also able to secure preferential trading privileges with the French.〔Breen, p. 139〕
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